深色模式
Vue 3.2 正式将 <script setup> 标记为稳定特性。用了半年实验性支持,现在可以放心在生产环境用了。
之前的痛点
vue
<!-- Options API:逻辑分散 -->
<script>
export default {
data() {
return { count: 0 }
},
methods: {
increment() {
this.count++
}
},
mounted() {
console.log('mounted')
}
}
</script>
<!-- Composition API:setup() 里要 return 很多东西 -->
<script lang="ts">
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue'
export default {
setup() {
const count = ref(0)
const increment = () => count.value++
onMounted(() => {
console.log('mounted')
})
// 必须手动 return,容易漏
return { count, increment }
}
}
</script><script setup> 的改进
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue'
// 自动暴露给模板,不需要 return
const count = ref(0)
const increment = () => count.value++
onMounted(() => {
console.log('mounted')
})
// 所有顶层绑定自动可用
</script>
<template>
<button @click="increment">{{ count }}</button>
</template>代码量减半,逻辑更紧凑。
defineProps 和 defineEmits
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// 类型声明方式(推荐)
const props = defineProps<{
title: string
count?: number
items: string[]
}>()
// 带默认值
const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
title: string
count?: number
}>(), {
count: 0,
})
// defineEmits
const emit = defineEmits<{
(e: 'update', value: string): void
(e: 'delete', id: number): void
}>()
// 使用
function handleUpdate(val: string) {
emit('update', val)
}
</script>defineExpose
<script setup> 默认不暴露任何属性给父组件(ref 访问不到)。需要显式暴露:
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref } from 'vue'
const count = ref(0)
const name = ref('hello')
// 只暴露 count,不暴露 name
defineExpose({ count })
</script>
<!-- 父组件 -->
<script setup>
const childRef = ref()
onMounted(() => {
console.log(childRef.value.count) // ✅
console.log(childRef.value.name) // ❌ undefined
})
</script>useSlots 和 useAttrs
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
import { useSlots, useAttrs } from 'vue'
const slots = useSlots()
const attrs = useAttrs()
// 检查是否有默认插槽内容
const hasDefaultSlot = !!slots.default
// attrs 是非响应式的
console.log(attrs.class)
</script>顶层 await
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
// 不需要 async setup(),直接 await
const data = await fetch('/api/user').then(r => r.json())
// 结合 Suspense 使用
const posts = await fetchPosts()
</script>
<template>
<div>{{ data.name }}</div>
</template>和 TypeScript 深度集成
vue
<script setup lang="ts">
interface User {
id: number
name: string
role: 'admin' | 'user'
}
// Props 类型自动推断,不需要额外的类型声明
const props = defineProps<{
user: User
onSelect?: (user: User) => void
}>()
// 没有运行时开销,编译时全部处理
const emit = defineEmits<{
(e: 'select', user: User): void
}>()
</script>实际组件示例
vue
<!-- components/DataTable.vue -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
interface Column<T = any> {
key: keyof T
label: string
sortable?: boolean
render?: (value: T[keyof T], row: T) => string
}
const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
columns: Column[]
data: any[]
loading?: boolean
}>(), {
loading: false,
})
const emit = defineEmits<{
(e: 'sort', key: string, direction: 'asc' | 'desc'): void
(e: 'row-click', row: any): void
}>()
const sortKey = ref<string | null>(null)
const sortDir = ref<'asc' | 'desc'>('asc')
function handleSort(key: string) {
if (sortKey.value === key) {
sortDir.value = sortDir.value === 'asc' ? 'desc' : 'asc'
} else {
sortKey.value = key
sortDir.value = 'asc'
}
emit('sort', key, sortDir.value)
}
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="loading" class="animate-pulse">加载中...</div>
<table v-else>
<thead>
<tr>
<th
v-for="col in columns"
:key="String(col.key)"
:class="{ 'cursor-pointer': col.sortable }"
@click="col.sortable && handleSort(String(col.key))"
>
{{ col.label }}
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr
v-for="(row, index) in data"
:key="index"
@click="emit('row-click', row)"
>
<td v-for="col in columns" :key="String(col.key)">
{{ col.render ? col.render(row[col.key], row) : row[col.key] }}
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</template>小结
<script setup>是 Vue 3 的推荐写法,减少模板代码,逻辑更内聚defineProps/defineEmits的 TypeScript 类型声明方式是重点defineExpose控制组件暴露的属性,默认全部隐藏- 顶层 await 配合 Suspense 做异步数据加载
- 从 Options API 迁移的项目可以逐步引入,新项目直接用