深色模式
在 TypeScript 项目中引入第三方 JavaScript 库时,声明文件(.d.ts)是连接类型系统和无类型代码的桥梁。即使库本身没有提供类型定义,我们也可以自己编写声明文件。本文系统地介绍声明文件的编写方法。
声明文件的作用
声明文件(.d.ts)只包含类型信息,不包含实现。编译器使用它来理解 JavaScript 代码的类型结构:
ts
// index.d.ts - 声明文件
export function add(a: number, b: number): number;
export function multiply(a: number, b: number): number;
// 在 TS 文件中使用
import { add, multiply } from './math';
add(1, 2); // 类型检查通过
add('1', '2'); // 类型错误:Argument of type 'string' is not assignable全局声明
对于通过 <script> 标签引入的库,需要使用全局声明:
ts
// globals.d.ts
declare const VERSION: string;
declare function require(path: string): any;
// 声明全局变量
declare const __DEV__: boolean;
// 声明全局命名空间
declare namespace NodeJS {
interface ProcessEnv {
NODE_ENV: 'development' | 'production' | 'test';
API_BASE_URL: string;
}
}模块声明
对于 npm 包,使用模块声明:
ts
// declarations/lodash.d.ts
declare module 'lodash' {
export function debounce<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
func: T,
wait?: number,
options?: DebounceSettings
): T & Cancelable;
export function throttle<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
func: T,
wait?: number,
options?: ThrottleSettings
): T & Cancelable;
export function cloneDeep<T>(value: T): T;
export function get(
object: any,
path: string | string[],
defaultValue?: any
): any;
interface DebounceSettings {
leading?: boolean;
maxWait?: number;
trailing?: boolean;
}
interface ThrottleSettings {
leading?: boolean;
trailing?: boolean;
}
interface Cancelable {
cancel(): void;
flush(): void;
}
}为项目内部模块声明类型
ts
// declarations/images.d.ts
declare module '*.png' {
const src: string;
export default src;
}
declare module '*.jpg' {
const src: string;
export default src;
}
declare module '*.svg' {
import React from 'react';
const SVG: React.FC<React.SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>>;
export default SVG;
}
// declarations/styles.d.ts
declare module '*.module.css' {
const classes: { readonly [key: string]: string };
export default classes;
}
declare module '*.module.scss' {
const classes: { readonly [key: string]: string };
export default classes;
}
// declarations/env.d.ts
declare module '*.md' {
const content: string;
export default content;
}函数重载
声明文件中可以使用函数重载来表达同一个函数的不同调用方式:
ts
declare function ajax(url: string): Promise<string>;
declare function ajax(url: string, options: { method: 'GET' }): Promise<string>;
declare function ajax(
url: string,
options: { method: 'POST'; body: string }
): Promise<object>;
declare function ajax(url: string, options?: AjaxOptions): Promise<any>;
interface AjaxOptions {
method?: 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE';
body?: string;
headers?: Record<string, string>;
}泛型声明
ts
declare module 'react-query' {
export function useQuery<TData, TError = Error>(
queryKey: string | [string, ...any[]],
queryFn: () => Promise<TData>,
options?: QueryOptions<TData, TError>
): QueryResult<TData, TError>;
export function useMutation<TData, TVariables, TError = Error>(
mutationFn: (variables: TVariables) => Promise<TData>,
options?: MutationOptions<TData, TVariables, TError>
): MutationResult<TData, TVariables, TError>;
interface QueryOptions<TData, TError> {
enabled?: boolean;
retry?: boolean | number;
staleTime?: number;
cacheTime?: number;
onSuccess?: (data: TData) => void;
onError?: (error: TError) => void;
}
interface QueryResult<TData, TError> {
data: TData | undefined;
error: TError | null;
isLoading: boolean;
isError: boolean;
isSuccess: boolean;
refetch: () => void;
}
interface MutationOptions<TData, TVariables, TError> {
onSuccess?: (data: TData, variables: TVariables) => void;
onError?: (error: TError, variables: TVariables) => void;
}
interface MutationResult<TData, TVariables, TError> {
mutate: (variables: TVariables) => void;
data: TData | undefined;
error: TError | null;
isLoading: boolean;
isError: boolean;
isSuccess: boolean;
}
}混合类型声明
有些 JavaScript 导出既是函数,又有属性:
ts
// axios 既有默认导出函数,又有 axios.get 等方法
declare module 'axios' {
interface AxiosInstance {
(config: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse>;
(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse>;
get<T = any>(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse<T>>;
post<T = any>(url: string, data?: any, config?: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse<T>>;
put<T = any>(url: string, data?: any, config?: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse<T>>;
delete<T = any>(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<AxiosResponse<T>>;
interceptors: {
request: AxiosInterceptorManager<AxiosRequestConfig>;
response: AxiosInterceptorManager<AxiosResponse>;
};
}
interface AxiosRequestConfig {
url?: string;
method?: string;
baseURL?: string;
headers?: Record<string, string>;
params?: any;
data?: any;
timeout?: number;
}
interface AxiosResponse<T = any> {
data: T;
status: number;
statusText: string;
headers: Record<string, string>;
config: AxiosRequestConfig;
}
interface AxiosInterceptorManager<T> {
use(
onFulfilled?: (value: T) => T | Promise<T>,
onRejected?: (error: any) => any
): number;
eject(id: number): void;
}
const axios: AxiosInstance;
export default axios;
}使用 @types 社区声明
DefinitelyTyped 是社区维护的类型声明仓库,大部分流行的 npm 包都有对应的 @types 包:
bash
# 安装社区类型声明
npm install --save-dev @types/lodash
npm install --save-dev @types/react
npm install --save-dev @types/node如果找不到对应的类型声明,可以创建一个 fallback:
ts
// declarations/unknown-modules.d.ts
declare module 'some-untyped-library' {
const lib: any;
export default lib;
}配置 tsconfig.json
json
{
"compilerOptions": {
"declaration": true,
"declarationDir": "./dist/types",
"declarationMap": true,
"emitDeclarationOnly": false,
"typeRoots": ["./node_modules/@types", "./src/types"]
},
"include": [
"src/**/*",
"src/types/**/*"
]
}发布自己的类型声明
如果开发了一个 npm 包,可以在 package.json 中指定类型入口:
json
{
"name": "my-library",
"main": "dist/index.js",
"types": "dist/index.d.ts",
"files": ["dist"]
}类型声明应该与源码一起发布,而不是放到 DefinitelyTyped。
小结
- 声明文件(
.d.ts)只包含类型信息,不包含实现代码 declare module用于声明模块类型,declare namespace用于声明全局命名空间- 函数重载可以表达同一个函数的不同调用签名
- 泛型可以让类型声明更加灵活和精确
- Webpack 中的文件类型(
.png、.css等)需要特殊声明 - 使用
@types/xxx可以获取社区维护的类型声明 - 发布 npm 包时,
package.json的types字段指向类型入口